![]() ![]() ![]() When heating amethyst to 300-400☌, partial destabilization of the colour centres may cause the stone to turn a golden colour much like natural citrine, or in some cases the stone may turn a greenish colour resembling natural prasiolite depending on the trace element content of the amethyst. ![]() It is possible to treat amethyst because of the chemical basis for its colour. For this reason amethyst crystals should not be left in direct sunlight for long periods, and gemstone jewellery made with amethyst should not be worn when taking part in activities that involve spending large amounts of time in the sun. Exposure to UV radiation for extended periods of time unfortunately causes a destabilization of the FeO 4 colour centres and results in a loss of colour. ![]() Here are more of our favourite amethyst gemstones:ġ3.76ct Emerald Cut Amethyst Fantasy/Fancy Cut Pairīecause of the chemistry involved, the colour of amethyst is not stable under certain conditions. Such trends in the colouration of amethyst from different localities can sometimes be used to help narrow down where amethyst may have come from if its origin is unknown or high level laboratory test is unavailable. This is why one may see a striking difference in hue and tone when comparing amethyst from two different locations, such as the light magenta amethyst often found in Brazil and the deep indigo-violet amethyst found in Uruguay. These other elements are responsible for the wide range of colours that amethyst may display and the variation in hue that is seen in amethyst crystals from different localities, as the local geology would cause different combinations of trace elements to join the iron impurities within growing quartz. It is the combination of FeO 4 and other trace elements that truly brings out the colour of amethyst, as only a small amount of iron is required to produce the desired hues when the correct mixture of other elements is present. This colour centre is responsible for the violet base colour seen in amethyst, but small amounts of other elements contribute to the gemstone’s hue. The radiation exposure causes the iron ions to lose an additional electron and become Fe 4+ ions, which then combine with oxygen to form an FeO 4 colour centre. The colour of amethyst primarily results from impurities of Fe 3+ ions within the quartz structure that have been exposed to gamma radiation and during formation at certain temperatures. Quartz often acquires colour during formation when metals and other elements get trapped inside the growing crystal. Today notable sources of amethyst include Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia, Mexico, Canada, Russia, Austria, Zambia, and India. Lighter colours of amethyst are generally considered to be less valuable, but amethyst of a light lavender tone referred to as “rose de France” has recently become more popular for use in gemstone jewellery. Deep rich purples with a greater proportion of blue-indigo tones than red are considered ideal, with the most valuable colour being known as “Siberian purple” or “Russian purple” in reference to amethyst of this colour that was once mined in Russia. This stone can display a multitude of different hues, with a range that includes pinkish-lavender, magenta, mauve, violet, purple, and indigo with the additional potential to exhibit faint tints of red and blue. Amethyst has long been important to human beings, and can be found in almost every country on Earth.Īmethyst is a variety of quartz characterized by its unique purple-violet colouration. Residing among the most recognizable and most well known of all gems, this gorgeous purple stone can be easily identified by people of all ages and walks of life. The colour of amethyst indisputably makes this gemstone one of the great treasures of the mineral realm and the most valuable single-colour variety of quartz. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Right after breeding: all feathers shed off and are replaced.Right before breeding: contour feathers wither off and are replaced with brightly colored feathers. ![]() Molting occurs twice a year to once every two years. Molting Periodįlamingos, like many other birds, also go through the process of molting. Their legs turn deeper pinkish-red, and the bill is fully developed with a downward bend.Ī flamingo’s lifespan is unknown most flamingos have lived over 60 years. Eyes turn light yellow, and the wings start showing full deep colors. When the bird finally becomes an adult, they develop a bright pinkish-orange look. The wings have dark pink hues, and the subadult flamingoes start looking similar to an adult flamingo. At this stage, the dark gray plumage converts to a pale pink one. The transition of young to subadult is interesting. When the young flamingo turns four weeks old, its plumage turns dark gray, including the legs. They have dark brown eyes and survive on crop milk for the first few months. Young flamingos develop a straight beak for the first two weeks. Flamingo babies, also called nestlings, are of grayish-white tones, and as these babies grow a little, they start showcasing specific changes. However, the main difference that emerges is coloration. PlumageĬhanges in flamingos occur as they transition through different life stages. Their tongue fits into the groove that is found in the lower bill. Long, stick-thin, pink legs with darker knees.įlamingos use their tongue as a piston to pump water.Pink-orangish beak with a black tip and a yellow shade near the eyes.To identify a flamingo, you can look at the following features: The inner surface of a flamingo’s beak has a row of keratinous plates covered with tiny hair-like structures known as cilia. They have hints of black on their feathers. A flamingo usually has a pink-orangish overall plumage with dark shades on the head, rump, and neck. Identificationįlamingoes are tall, beautiful birds with long necks and webbed stick-thin feet. Flamingos are gregarious birds with four different species distributed throughout America, Asia, Africa, and Europe.įemale flamingos are 20% smaller than male flamingos. These birds are known to symbolize balance, grace, and beauty. Let’s talk about how a normal flamingo looks like. Flamingos of the color black and white have been spotted, but other color variations remain a myth. To know more about the rare kinds of flamingos, continue reading.įlamingos have been recorded which have been affected by the albinic disorder, in which the bird may develop an unusual plumage. The albino disorder will also be discussed and other reasons that might lead to discolorations in skin, eyes, or feathers. This post consists of information regarding the different colored flamingos rarely seen worldwide. They are known to be one of the beautiful creatures on earth. Flamingos are primarily pink in color with thick bills and long wings. There are six different flamingo species, and all of them belong to the Phoenicopteridae family. Flamingos are tall bird species with long necks and sticklike legs. ![]() ![]() ![]() It is always a relative decrease of -5% health, which could be a -37 or -15 absolute decrease with or without Vitality, respectively.This is always an absolute increase of +47.5 armor, which could be a ~+11.9% or +25% relative increase with or without Steel Fiber, respectively. AugGuides Warframe In addition to Helminth’s own abilities, you can Subsume a Warframe to obtain one specific Ability permanently in Helminth’s memory.Net value = Base value * ( 1 + effect other ) * ( 1 - decrease helmet )Īs an example, the Arcane Aurora Helmet gives Frost +25% armor and -5% health.Stat decreases stack multiplicatively with other effects, always granting the same relative effect: ![]()
![]() service men and women dead.ĭepartment of Justice What’s the risk to US foreign relations and alliances?ĭiplomacy, the connection between sovereign states, largely forged through foreign policy, is an important component of national security, as is intelligence sharing among allied intelligence services. unable to detect or prevent an attack by the same terrorist group on the Marine barracks in Beirut six months later. intelligence community lost insight into the Syrian terrorists’s activities. Shortly after, communication between Syria and Iran stopped and the U.S. government began intercepting the traffic, which two media outlets later reported, according to an opinion piece by Katherine Graham published in The Washington Post. At the time, the terrorist organization operating in Syria was communicating with counterparts in Iran. In April 1983, a terrorist attack killed 63 people at the U.S. obtained specific information and they could use countermeasures that could render a particular source or method useless to the U.S. If other countries gained access to this intelligence, their counterintelligence professionals could learn how the U.S. sources, including satellite images, human sources and intercepted foreign communications, which can include cell phone calls or email messages. ![]() uses sources and methods such as spy satellites and foreign citizens or assets to clandestinely gather information about other countries.īased on the classification markings identified in the indictment, documents Trump stored at Mar-a-Lago contained intelligence from multiple U.S. She was stopped in the main reception area, carrying multiple electronic devices.ĭepartment of Justice What’s the risk to sources and methods? In 2019, a Chinese business consultant entered the resort and initially got past Secret Service agents. If foreign spies knew Trump stored classified documents at Mar-a-Lago, they may have attempted to enter the property. Marine Corps charged two Marine guards with allowing Soviet agents to repeatedly access sensitive areas inside the U.S. government buildings to obtain classified information. ![]() Historically, foreign spies have attempted to enter highly secure U.S. This was particularly concerning because, according to the indictment, Mar-a-Lago was the site of more than 150 social events, attended by tens of thousands of people, between January 2020 and August 2021. Trump had returned some classified material on Jan. 8, 2021, when the FBI recovered 102 classified documents. 20, 2020, when he left the White House, and Aug. ![]() Boxes were kept on a ballroom stage, in his bedroom and in a bathroom and shower between Jan. intelligence.īut the Espionage Act is much broader than traditional spying and includes the unauthorized possession, storage or disclosure of classified information.Īccording to the federal indictment, Trump stored boxes containing various levels of classified material in different parts of The Mar-a-Lago Club, his Palm Beach, Florida, resort. It’s when a government recruits an official or resident of another country – just as the Soviet Union recruited Robert Hanssen, a senior FBI special agent, in 1979 – to provide classified U.S. National security can be compromised in a variety of ways.Īmericans are familiar with espionage, or spying. national security includes the country’s ability to defend itself, collect and analyze sensitive information about other nations’ capabilities and intentions, and maintain relationships with allies. government agencies, to define some of the categories of risk detailed in the indictment and explain how the U.S. The Conversation asked Gary Ross, a scholar of Intelligence studies, who has investigated cases involving the mishandling and unauthorized disclosure of classified information for multiple U.S. and allies’ defense and weapons capabilities and potential vulnerabilities to military attack and that he repeatedly thwarted efforts by the National Archives to retrieve them. The Justice Department alleges that, after his presidency, Trump held, in an unsecure location, documents about some of the nation’s most sensitive secrets, including information about U.S. When Donald Trump pled not guilty on June 13, 2023, to federal criminal charges related to his alleged illegal retention of classified documents, it was his first opportunity to formally answer charges that he violated the Espionage Act. ![]() ![]() In 1954, Colette Grégoire urged her husband, the French engineer Marc Grégoire, to try the material he had been using on fishing tackle on her cooking pans. An early use was in the Manhattan Project as a material to coat valves and seals in the pipes holding highly reactive uranium hexafluoride at the vast K-25 uranium enrichment plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. īy 1948, DuPont, which founded Kinetic Chemicals in partnership with General Motors, was producing over two million pounds (900 tons) of Teflon brand Polytetrafluoroethylene per year in Parkersburg, West Virginia. Kinetic Chemicals patented the new fluorinated plastic (analogous to the already known polyethylene) in 1941, and registered the Teflon trademark in 1945. Analysis showed that it was polymerized perfluoroethylene, with the iron from the inside of the container having acted as a catalyst at high pressure. He found the bottle's interior coated with a waxy white material that was oddly slippery. Since Plunkett was measuring the amount of gas used by weighing the bottle, he became curious as to the source of the weight, and finally resorted to sawing the bottle apart. As Plunkett attempted to make a new chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, the tetrafluoroethylene gas in its pressure bottle stopped flowing before the bottle's weight had dropped to the point signaling "empty". Plunkett while he was working in New Jersey for DuPont. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was accidentally discovered in 1938 by Roy J. Logo of Teflon, the commonly known brand name of PTFE-based compositions manufactured by Chemours Only since the start of the 21st century has the environmental impact and toxicity to human and mammalian life been studied in depth. PTFE is one of the best-known and widely applied PFAS commonly described as persistent organic pollutants or "forever chemicals". It is used as a graft material in surgery and as a coating on catheters. Where used as a lubricant, PTFE reduces friction, wear, and energy consumption of machinery. It is non-reactive, partly because of the strength of carbon–fluorine bonds, so it is often used in containers and pipework for reactive and corrosive chemicals. Polytetrafluoroethylene is used as a non-stick coating for pans and other cookware. PTFE has one of the lowest coefficients of friction of any solid. PTFE is hydrophobic: neither water nor water-containing substances wet PTFE, as fluorocarbons exhibit only small London dispersion forces due to the low electric polarizability of fluorine. Polytetrafluoroethylene is a fluorocarbon solid, as it is a high- molecular-weight polymer consisting wholly of carbon and fluorine. ![]() The commonly known brand name of PTFE-based composition is Teflon by Chemours, a spin-off from DuPont, which originally discovered the compound in 1938. Polytetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and is a PFAS that has numerous applications. ![]() ![]() However, as many as 65% indicated that they would like to reduce their procrastination when writing papers, and approximately 62% indicated the same for studying for exams and 55% for reading weekly assignments. Nearly a quarter of the subjects reported that procrastination was a problem for them regarding the same tasks. In a study of academic procrastination from the University of Vermont, published in 1984, 46% of the subjects reported that they "always" or "nearly always" procrastinated writing papers, while approximately 30% reported procrastinating studying for exams and reading weekly assignments (by 28% and 30% respectively). Latin: procrastinare, pro- (forward), with -crastinus, (until next day) from cras, (tomorrow). There are experiments finding clear evidence for "procrastination" among pigeons, which show that pigeons tend to choose a complex but delayed task rather than an easy but hurry-up one. Ī study of the behavioral patterns of pigeons through delayed gratification suggests that procrastination is not unique to humans but can also be observed in some other animals. In cultures with a linear view of time, people tend to designate a certain amount of time on a task and stop once the allotted time has expired. For example, in cultures that have a multi-active view of time, people tend to place a higher value on making sure a job is done accurately before finishing. ![]() It is also important to consider how different cultural perspectives of time management can impact procrastination. Students from Western cultures tend to procrastinate in order to avoid doing worse than they have done before or failing to learn as much as they should have, whereas students from non-Western cultures tend to procrastinate in order to avoid looking incompetent or demonstrating a lack of ability in front of their peers. įrom a cultural and social perspective, students from both Western and non-Western cultures are found to exhibit academic procrastination, but for different reasons. Although typically perceived as a negative trait due to its hindering effect on one's productivity, often associated with depression, low self-esteem, guilt, and inadequacy, it can also be considered a wise response to certain demands that could present risky or negative outcomes or require waiting for new information to arrive. ![]() It is a common human experience involving delays in everyday chores or even putting off salient tasks such as attending an appointment, submitting a job report or academic assignment, or broaching a stressful issue with a partner. The word originated from the Latin word procrastinatus, which itself evolved from the prefix pro-, meaning "forward," and crastinus, meaning "of tomorrow." Oftentimes, it is a habitual human behaviour. Procrastination is the act of unnecessarily and voluntarily delaying or postponing something despite knowing that there will be negative consequences for doing so. Distress is often linked to procrastination ![]() ![]() ![]() If the rule is to add or subtract a number each time, it is called an arithmetic sequence. Continuing, the third term is: a3 ( a + d) + d. ![]() Since we get the next term by adding the common difference, the value of a2 is just: a2 a + d. For arithmetic sequences, the common difference is d, and the first term a1 is often referred to simply as 'a'. Of course, we want it to give either $0$ or $1$, and the way to create a $0$ a $1+(-1)$, but apart from that, this is just one of those things you have to play with to understand and remember. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sequences Number sequences are sets of numbers that follow a pattern or a rule. Since arithmetic and geometric sequences are so nice and regular, they have formulas. if $n$ of $a_n$ was odd).Įdit: here's a perfectly legitimate formula. An arithmetic sequence can be defined by an explicit formula in which an d (n - 1) + c, where d is the common difference between consecutive terms, and c a1. $n$ of $a_n$ was even), or plus $1$ if the previous term was odd (i.e. Arithmetic Sequence Arithmetic Progression Explicit Formula: an a1 + (n 1)d Example 1: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 has a1 3, d 4, and n 5. Sequences are a special type of function that are useful for describing patterns. Rule: xn xn-1 + xn-2 Now what does xn-1 mean It means 'the previous term' as term number n-1 is 1 less than term number n. ![]() If the initial term ( a0) of the sequence is a and the common difference is d, then we have, Recursive definition: an an 1 + d with a0 a. Hint: each term $a_n$ equals the previous term, plus $0$ if the previous term was even (i.e. WolframAlpha has faculties for working with and learning about commonly occurring sequences like the Fibonacci sequence, the Lucas sequence, arithmetic. Arithmetic Sequences If the terms of a sequence differ by a constant, we say the sequence is arithmetic. ![]() ![]() ![]()
![]() ![]() nose wheelie, Tony Batman nosepick, Gamache lurking, Rotondo X-up, Rotondo tabe, Tony air, and a magnesium pedal exploding. We built a sweet hip out of mostly scrap and donated wood yesterday, and proceeded to have a fun sesh, check out the lousy pics below, and click on 'em to see them full size. and speaking of animals, there have been a couple of additions to the mascot roster, things are getting weird around here. We got in a bunch of Animal stuff today that we were running low on: tires, grips, barends, stems, sprockets, pedals, seatposts, seat clamps, and more. Erik has been a loyal supporter of the shop for quite some time now, and that is awesome. butted 4130 chromoly with a heat-treated front triangle, removable brake mounts, 75 degree head tube, 69 degree seat tube, 13" chainstays, and a ton of nice features.Ĭheck out these pictures below of Erik Fralik's newly-stickered ride, that's some serious representation. Got in a Mutiny "Loosefer v2.0" Randy Taylor signature frame today with a 21" top tube, thing is awesome. ![]() Got in a ton of other random stuff, come on in and check out the goods! Got in Primo's new "Nice Try" DVD, which comes with a free pair of limited edition grips and looks to be a pretty good. new Ride UK and Ride USA.Īlso check out the edit below from a "dealer appreciation ride" Fit/S&M did in San Fran this past weekend, our boy Greg has a couple of nice clips in there, including a sick 360 down a ton of stairs to crank-breaker/handlebar-mover/people-taker-outer. ![]() Holy crap we've been busy! Plenty of stuff going on around here, most recently we got in a couple new magazines. Got in some random goods today: Eclat "Bondi" rims in cyan blue, more cyan blue We The People "Supreme" hubs, Shadow grips, chains, sprockets, pedals and seats, DK Random Wrenches, and more! more Kink headsets, Odyssey tires, etc etc etc. more Fly pegs, cranks and bars showed up as well, along with Kink Badger bars in raw and more black and chrome Kink Lynx bars. We are also finally RESTOCKED ON FLY GRIPS in black and red, it's been a long time since we had those. G-Sport Ribcage and Rollcage rims in hard-anodized blue, more gold Odyssey Hazard Lite rims, fluorescent pink and ocean blue Odyssey brakes and levers (also got black Evo2 brakes back in), new Odyssey Chase Hawk grips (comfy!), and clear Odyssey brake pads finally. we now have white/black, red/black, yellow/black, and orange/black. Got in some random stuff today, including a couple new colors of KMC 510 chains. ![]() ![]()
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